Commonwealth of Independent States

Conventional Long Name	Commonwealth of Independent States
Common Name	Commonwealth of Independent States
Linking Name	the Commonwealth of Independent States
Image Flag
Image Symbol
Symbol Type	Emblem
Image Map
Map Caption
Admin Center	Minsk ⋅ Moscow
Largest City	Moscow
Languages	Russian
Languages Type	Working language
Org Type	Intergovernmental
Leader Title1	General Secretary
Leader Name1	Sergey Lebedev
Legislature	Interparliamentary Assembly
Established Date1	8 December 1991
Established Event2	Alma-Ata Protocol
Established Date2	21 December 1991
Established Event3	Charter adopted
Established Date3	22 January 1993
Established Event4	Free Trade Area
Established Date4	20 September 2012
Area Km2	20,368,759
Population Estimate	251,764,976 (including Crimea)
Population Density Km2	12.36
Population Estimate Year	2025
Gdp Ppp	$9.40 trillion
Gdp Ppp Year	2025
Gdp Ppp Per Capita	$37,336
Gdp Nominal	$2.81 trillion
Gdp Nominal Year	2025
Gdp Nominal Per Capita	$11,161
Hdi Year	2017
Hdi	0.740
Currency	No common currency
Utc Offset	UTC+2|+2 to UTC+12|+12
Drives On	right
Cctld	.md, .tj, .uz, .su
Official Website	https://eccis.org
P1	Soviet UnionUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics
Flag P1

History and structure

History of Russia

Background

Founding

CIS Charter

General secretary

General Secretary of the CIS
The work of CIS is coordinated by the general secretary.

Interparliamentary Assembly

The CIS Interparliamentary Assembly was established on 27 March 1992 in Kazakhstan. On 26 May 1995, the CIS leaders signed the Convention on the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States eventually ratified by nine parliaments; the only CIS member not signing was Georgia. Under the terms of the convention, the InterParliamentary Assembly (IPA) was invested with international legitimacy.

It is housed in the Tauride Palace in St Petersburg and acts as the consultative parliamentary wing of the CIS, created to discuss problems of parliamentary cooperation, review draft documents of common interest, and pass model laws to the national legislatures in the CIS (as well as recommendations) for their use in the preparation of new laws and amendments to existing legislation. More than 130 documents have been adopted that ensure the convergence of laws in the CIS at the level of national legislation. The Assembly is actively involved in the development of integration processes in the CIS and also sends observers to the national elections. The Assembly held its 32nd Plenary meeting in Saint Petersburg on 14 May 2009.

Further developments

Between 2003 and 2005, three CIS member states experienced a change of government in a series of colour revolutions: Eduard Shevardnadze was overthrown in Georgia; Viktor Yushchenko was elected in Ukraine; and Askar Akayev was toppled in Kyrgyzstan.

In February 2006, Georgia withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers, with the statement that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures simultaneously", but it remained a full member of the CIS until August 2009, one year after officially withdrawing in the immediate aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War.

In March 2007, Igor Ivanov, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, expressed his doubts concerning the usefulness of the CIS, emphasising that the Eurasian Economic Community was becoming a more competent organisation to unify the largest countries of the CIS. Following the withdrawal of Georgia, the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan skipped the October 2009 meeting of the CIS, each having their own issues and disagreements with the Russian Federation.

In May 2009, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine joined the Eastern Partnership (EaP), a project that was initiated by the European Union (EU). The EaP framework governs the EU's relationship with the post-Soviet states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.

Membership

Member states

Moldova

In light of Russia's support for the independence of occupied regions within Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine as well as its violation of the Istanbul Agreement, legislative initiatives to denounce the agreement on the creation of CIS were tabled in Moldova's parliament on 25 March 2014, though they were not approved. A similar bill was proposed in January 2018.

On 14 June 2022, Moldovan Minister of Foreign Affairs Nicu Popescu said the Moldovan government was considering the prospect of leaving the CIS, although at the end of May President Maia Sandu had said the country would not leave for the time being. An August 2021 poll conducted in Moldova (prior to the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine) found that 48.1% of respondents supported Moldova's withdrawal from the CIS.

On 30 November 2022, Popescu stated that Moldova would suspend its participation in CIS meetings, and on 23 February 2023 stated that Moldova had started withdrawing from multiple treaties that the country had signed with the CIS, as his country aimed to join the European Union. On 15 May 2023, the President of the Parliament of Moldova, Igor Grosu, stated the country would withdraw from the agreement establishing the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly; he argued that being in the CIS "did not protect the Republic of Moldova from energy blackmail in the middle of winter, from threats and official statements hostile to the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Moldova".

As part of the process of severing connections with the CIS, in July 2023 Moldova passed a law denouncing the agreement on Moldova's membership in the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS countries. 70 agreements were denounced by October 2023, from the total of around 282 signed by Moldova.

In December 2023, Moldova announced its intention to withdraw from the CIS entirely by the end of 2024. It was later stated that Moldova would pull out of everything except for economic, social protection, and healthcare agreements.

A 22–27 May 2024 poll showed that 40.5% of Moldovans were in favour of leaving the CIS and 35.5% were against, with 41.9% in favour and 32% against in a 16–28 April 2025 poll.

In January 2026, the Government of Moldova was "in the process of confirming the denunciation of three agreements with the CIS", thereby legally ending Moldova's membership of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Associate member

A country can become an associate member under the CIS Charter (sec. 2, art. 8) if approved by the Council of Heads of States. Participation of associate members and of the observers in the work of the Commonwealth organs shall be governed by their rules of procedures.

Founding state

The Verkhovna Rada never ratified the agreement on membership of the CIS in accordance with the CIS Charter so Ukraine never became a member.

Ukraine did not apply to become an Associate member, nor was it granted by the Council of Heads of States, accordingly Ukraine remained just a Founding state.

Ukraine did participate in the CIS and became an associate member of the CIS Economic Union in 1994, and signed the Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area in 2011.

Ukraine withdrew its representatives from the CIS in May 2018 and stopped actively participating in the CIS. However, the country remained a party to a number of agreements, such as the free trade area.

1. Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) agreement on cooperation in the provision of safety of hazardous industrial facilities (2001)
2. CIS agreement on cooperation in evacuating nationals from third countries in emergencies (1996)
3. Agreement between the State Parties of the Commonwealth of Independent States on social and legal guarantees of the military personnel, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families (1992)
4. Agreement on the Establishment of the Council of Commanders of the Border Troops (1992)
5. Agreement on the Creation of the Interstate System of Documentary Encrypted Communications of the Commonwealth of Independent States

Former member states

Politics

Human rights

Since its inception, one of the primary goals of the CIS has been to provide a forum for discussing issues related to the social and economic development of the newly independent states. To achieve this goal, member states have agreed to promote and protect human rights. Initially, efforts to achieve this goal consisted merely of statements of goodwill, but on 26 May 1995, the CIS adopted a Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

In 1991, four years before the 1995 human rights treaty, Article 33 of the Charter of the CIS created a Human Rights Commission with its seat in Minsk, Belarus. This was confirmed by the decision of the Council of Heads of States of the CIS in 1993. In 1995, the CIS adopted a human rights treaty that includes civil and political as well as social and economic human rights. This treaty entered into force in 1998. The CIS treaty is modeled on the European Convention on Human Rights, but lacks the strong implementation mechanisms of the latter. Furthermore, in the CIS treaty, the Human Rights Commission has a very vaguely defined authority. The Statute of the Human Rights Commission, however, also adopted by the CIS Member States as a decision, gives the commission the right to receive inter-state as well as individual communications.

CIS members, especially in Central Asia, continue to have among the world's poorest human rights records. Many activists point to examples such as the 2005 Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan to show that there has been almost no improvement in human rights since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. The consolidation of power by President Vladimir Putin has resulted in a steady decline in the modest progress of previous years in Russia. In turn, this has led to little to no scrutiny by Russia when it comes to the situation of human rights in other CIS member states. The Commonwealth of Independent States continues to face serious challenges in meeting even basic international standards.

Military

Collective Security Treaty Organization

Economy

Economy of the Soviet Union
Corruption and bureaucracy are serious problems for trade in CIS countries.

Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed that CIS members take up a digitisation agenda to modernise CIS economies.

Economic data

Standards and rules

GOST
GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardisation strategy. After the disintegration of the USSR, the GOST standards acquired a new status of the regional standards. They are now administered by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification (EASC), a standards organisation chartered by the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Supranational integration initiatives, trade, and economic cooperation within CIS

free trade agreement
On 24 September 1993, an Agreement on the Economic Union was signed by the heads of a number of CIS states. Its aim was the forming of conditions of stable development of economies of Contracting Parties to benefit from increases in living standards of their population. This led to other specific agreements.

The terms of the CIS FTA agreements allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions. Like other Commonwealth of Independent States agreements, this agreement does not regulate relations with third countries and allows differentiated integration (aka à la carte and multi-speed Europe).

1994 Framework for Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Freedom of Transit

Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area

1999 Protocol introducing a multilateral free trade among ten countries

On 2 April 1999, in Moscow, the presidents of 11 countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed a Protocol on Amendments and Additions to the Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area of 15 April 1994 (Протокол о внесении изменений и дополнений в Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли от 15 апреля 1994 года). Turkmenistan did not participate. The Protocol entered into force on 24 November 1999 for those countries that had completed ratification. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for all countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine, except Russia, which remains a signatory but has not notified entry into force or provisional application. According to the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, no one has ceased participation in the Protocol or suspended the application, while one reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and two specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.

According to the analytical material of the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the 1999 Protocol replaced the existing bilateral free trade regime with a multilateral regime, eliminated all fees, as well as taxes and levies with equivalent effect, and quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods in mutual trade of the FTA participating states, established a procedure for dispute resolution, etc. The 1999 version refers to the principles of the World Trade Organisation, envisages cooperation in economic policy, payments, customs cooperation, taxes, science, provides for a ratchet effect prohibiting the imposition of new tariffs and restrictions, provides for treatment no worse than that of any third country, and provides for the transit of goods on the basis of the principle of freedom of transit without discrimination.

The 2011 CIS FTA Treaty envisages that the 1994 agreement and the 1999 protocol no longer apply among its eight participants (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, and Moldova), however, among the rest of the countries, they continue to be applied.

International Trade Centre says the 1994 Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area signed by 12 CIS countries still continues to be used by Azerbaijan and Georgia in trade with other CIS countries except with Russia and Turkmenistan. Reportedly it is also used bilaterally between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan pending Tajikistan's ratification of Uzbekistan's accession to the 2011 CIS Free Trade Area Treaty.

2011 multilateral Free Trade Area Treaty among 9 countries

Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area

2023 Agreement on Free Trade in Services among 7 countries

Trade in services
In Sochi on 8 June 2023, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan signed an Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations, and Investment.

Social development of the CIS countries

Statistics show that, as of 2011, the CIS countries as a whole represent a zone of social disadvantage.. It should be borne in mind that the subjective level of poverty, determined on the basis of sociological surveys, often turns out to be significantly higher than the official indicator: for example, the subjective level of poverty in Ukraine is 42%, and the official level is 28%; in Russia, the difference is even greater — 42% and 13%, respectively. %.

At the end of December 2015, unemployment benefits were received by 1% of registered unemployed in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, 5% in Azerbaijan, 8% in Moldova, 45% in Belarus, 81% in Ukraine and 85% in Russia. Its average amount was 262.3 manats ($201) in Azerbaijan, 216,424 white rubles ($12) in Belarus, 1,255.8 lei ($63) in Moldova, 306.9 somoni ($46) in Tajikistan (November 2015), and 1,444 hryvnia ($60) in Ukraine. The minimum unemployment benefit in Russia is set at 850 rubles (in December, $12), and the maximum is 4,900 rubles ($70). In a number of countries in the region, the allowance has not changed for many years with an increase in the cost of living.

The average monthly salary in dollars in 2015 was $142 in Tajikistan, $193 in Ukraine, $206 in Kyrgyzstan, $245 in Moldova, $386 in Armenia, $413 in Belarus, $445 in Georgia (Q4 2015), $452 in Azerbaijan, $560 in Russia and $565 in Kazakhstan. It still remains low, insufficient to ensure a full-fledged human life, and is actually completely "eaten up." In a number of countries, the majority of the population spends more than half of their salary on food (56% of the population in Kazakhstan, 61% in Russia, 72% in Belarus, 76% in Azerbaijan and Ukraine). With a low salary level, delays in its payment are increasing.:

Other activities

Election monitoring

The CIS-Election Monitoring Organisation («Миссия наблюдателей от СНГ на выборах») is an election monitoring body that was formed in October 2002, following a Commonwealth of Independent States heads of states meeting which adopted the Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights, and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS-EMO has been sending election observers to member countries of the CIS since this time.

CIS election monitoring has been characterised by scholars as low-quality, as the CIS tends to validate elections that are obviously flawed.

Controversies
The election monitoring body has approved many elections which have been heavily criticised by independent observers.

• The democratic nature of the final round of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which followed the Orange Revolution and brought into power the former opposition, was questioned by the CIS while the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) found no significant problems. This was the first time that the CIS observation teams challenged the validity of an election, saying that it should be considered illegitimate. On 15 March 2005, the Ukrainian Independent Information Agency quoted Dmytro Svystkov (a spokesman of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry) that Ukraine had suspended its participation in the CIS election monitoring organisation.
• The CIS praised the Uzbekistan parliamentary elections, 2005 as "legitimate, free and transparent" while the OSCE had referred to the Uzbek elections as having fallen "significantly short of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections".
• Moldovan authorities refused to invite CIS observers in the 2005 Moldovan parliamentary elections, an action Russia criticised. Many dozens of such observers from Belarus and Russia were stopped from reaching Moldova.
• CIS observers monitored the Tajikistan parliamentary elections, in 2005 and in the end declared them "legal, free and transparent." The same elections were pronounced by the OSCE to have failed international standards for democratic elections.
• Soon after CIS observers hailed the Kyrgyz parliamentary elections of 2005 as "well-organized, free, and fair", as large-scale and often violent demonstrations broke out throughout the country protesting what the opposition called a rigged parliamentary election. In contrast, the OSCE reported that the elections fell short of international standards in many areas.
• International observers of the Interparliamentary Assembly stated the 2010 local elections in Ukraine were organised well. While the Council of Europe uncovered a number of problems in relation to a new electorate law approved just prior to the elections and the Obama administration criticised the conduct of the elections, saying they "did not meet standards for openness and fairness".

Russian language status

Russia has urged that the Russian language receive official status in all of the CIS member states. So far Russian is an official language in only four states: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Russian is also considered an official language in the region of Transnistria and the autonomous region of Gagauzia in Moldova. After the Ukrainian 2010 election, President Yanukovych stated "Ukraine will continue to promote the Ukrainian language as its only state language."

Sports events

At the time of the Soviet Union's dissolution in December 1991, its sports teams had been invited to or qualified for various 1992 sports events. A joint CIS team took its place in some of these. The "Unified Team" competed in the 1992 Winter Olympics and 1992 Summer Olympics, and a CIS association football team competed in UEFA Euro 1992. A CIS bandy team played some friendlies in January 1992 and made its last appearance at the 1992 Russian Government Cup, where it also played against the new Russia national bandy team. The Soviet Union bandy championship for 1991–1992 was rebranded as a CIS championship, this lasted just one year before it became Russian bandy.

In 2017, a festival for national sports and games, known as the Festival of National Sports and Games of the Commonwealth of Independent States («Фестиваль национальных видов спорта и игр государств — участников Содружества Независимых Государств») was held in Ulyanovsk. The main sports were sambo, tug of war, mas-wrestling, gorodki, belt wrestling, lapta, bandy (rink), kettlebell lifting, chess and archery. A few demonstration sports were also a part of the programme.

In 2021 the first CIS games took place in Kazan with 9 nations and 2,000 athletes. The second games took place in 2023 in Belarus.

Cultural events

The CIS has also been a relevant forum to support cultural relations between former Soviet republics. In 2006, the Council of the Heads of Governments of the CIS launched the Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Cooperation (IFESCCO). IFESSCO has substantially relied on Russia's financial support since its creation and supported several multilateral cultural events, including the ‘CIS Capital of Culture’ initiative. In 2017, the Armenian city of Goris was declared the CIS Cultural Capital of the year, in 2022 it was Karakol in Kyrgyzstan.

Demographics

The combined population of all member states is 246,200,194 as of 2024.

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth in the countries of CIS in 2021, according to the World Bank Group are listed below:

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Post-Soviet organisations and initiatives outside CIS framework

Post-Soviet states

EurAsEc and EAEU

Eurasian Economic Community

Common Economic Space

Eurasian Economic Space
After a discussion about the creation of a common economic space between the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, agreement in principle about the creation of this space was announced after a meeting in the Moscow suburb of Novo-Ogarevo on 23 February 2003. The Common Economic Space would involve a supranational commission on trade and tariffs that would be based in Kyiv, would initially be headed by a representative of Kazakhstan, and would not be subordinate to the governments of the four nations. The ultimate goal would be a regional organisation that would be open for other countries to join as well, and could eventually lead even to a single currency.

On 22 May 2003, the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian Parliament) voted 266 votes in favour and 51 against the joint economic space. However, most believe that Viktor Yushchenko's victory in the Ukrainian presidential election of 2004 was a significant blow against the project: Yushchenko had shown renewed interest in Ukrainian membership in the European Union and such membership would be incompatible with the envisioned common economic space. Yushchenko's successor Viktor Yanukovych stated on 27 April 2010: "Ukraine's entry into the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan is not possible today, since the economic principles and the laws of the WTO do not allow it, we develop our policy following WTO principles". Ukraine has been a WTO member since 2008.

A Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia was thus created in 2010, A single market had been envisioned for 2012, but instead the customs union was renamed as the Eurasian Customs Union and expanded to include Armenia and Kyrgyzstan in 2015.

Union State of Russia and Belarus

Union State

Organisation of Central Asian Cooperation

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan formed the OCAC in 1991 as Central Asian Commonwealth (CAC). The organisation continued in 1994 as the Central Asian Economic Union (CAEU), in which Tajikistan and Turkmenistan did not participate. In 1998 it became the Central Asian Economic Cooperation (CAEC), which marked the return of Tajikistan. On 28 February 2002, it was renamed to its current name. Russia joined on 28 May 2004. On 7 October 2005, it was decided between the member states that Uzbekistan will join the Eurasian Economic Community and that the organisations will merge. The organisations joined on 25 January 2006. It is not clear what will happen to the status of current CACO observers that are not observers to EurAsEC (Georgia and Turkey).

Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations

Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
The post-Soviet disputed states of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria are all members of the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations which aims to forge closer integration among the members.

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development

GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development
The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organisation of four post-Soviet states: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, and Moldova.

Assessments and criticism

A. Elchibey, the 2nd president of Azerbaijan, called the CIS a "big collective farm" that Russia uses to "preserve the old empire":

A serious mistake was made during the construction of such an entity as the CIS. Perhaps it could have stood if it had been conceived as a Commonwealth of Nations of Independent States — I emphasize the word "independent", in which the rights of each State: Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijana — would be protected. Abkhazians in Abkhazia is using Russian troops to oust the Georgian population. Is this a Commonwealth of Nations? Russia uses the CIS, trying to preserve the old empire in a new form and inventing various mechanisms for this. The CIS leaders have not made at least one serious attempt to resolve the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict or any other conflicts within the territory of post-Soviet zone. I once called the CIS a big collective farm without rights. Such a collective farm will inevitably fall apart, and this, in fact, has already happened.

As for the "imperial ambitions", the restoration of the USSR. The CIS is an organization that builds its work on the basis of consensus. Any participating State has the right to veto any decision. In practice, the principle of the so-called "moving geometry" is being implemented, when states decide which projects they should participate in and which not. Moreover, even the non-recognition of the legal personality of the CIS by one of the states does not prevent its participation in areas of cooperation beneficial to it in the Commonwealth format. I have already mentioned Georgia. Against this background, what imperial ambitions of Russia can we even talk about? It's just ridiculous.

Coins

• The Central Bank of the Russian Federation has minted several commemorative coins dedicated to the Commonwealth of Independent States.

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• In 2006, the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus issued commemorative coins "Commonwealth of Independent States. 15 years" in denominations of 1 (copper-nickel) and 20 (silver, 925) white rubles.

See also

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
• Eurasianism
• Russian world
• Comecon
• Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
• Dissolution of the Soviet Union
• Eastern Bloc
• Eurasian Economic Union
• Lublin Triangle
• Post-Soviet states
• Unified Team

Notes

References

• Commonwealth of Independent States – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, mfa.gov.by, 23 August 2017, 23 August 2017, dead
• GDP, 17 May 2025, IMF
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Staff writer, 2025, UIA Global Civil Society Database, uia.org, Union of International Associations, Yearbook of International Organizations Online, Brussels, Belgium, 21 February 2025
• Is Ukraine still in the CIS or not?, 2022-07-08, Радіо Свобода, 26 November 2020, uk, 17 August 2021, live, Лащенко, Олександр
• Ukraine Announces Plans To Quit CIS, Terminate Parts Of Russia Friendship Treaty, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 April 2018, 8 July 2022, 8 July 2022, live
• There is no "debt" of Ukraine to the CIS — the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, www.ukrinform.ua, 8 August 2019, 2022-07-08, uk, 10 July 2022, live
• How three men signed the USSR's death warrant, Dina, Newman, 24 December 2016, BBCNews, 7 December 2022, 7 December 2022, live
• Plokhy, Serhii, The Last Empire: The final days of the Soviet Union, Oneworld, London, 2014, 356–365
• Russian Federation, live, 26 February 2008, 7 July 2014, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996, live, 26 July 2013, 7 July 2014, Library of Congress
• Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts, live, 14 July 2014, 7 July 2014
• Information and Publish. Department, CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, live, 8 May 2013, 23 July 2013, Cisstat.com
• Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body, Pravda.Ru, 11 September 2001, 23 July 2013, 9 March 2014, live
• Pannier, Bruce, Russia Facing Resistance With Allies On CIS's Southern Flank, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 October 2009, Rferl.org, 23 July 2013, 9 May 2013, live
• Eastern Partnership – EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission, EEAS – European External Action Service, en, 2018-12-10
• Соглашение о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Протокол к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Устав Содружества Независимых Государств, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States (with declaration and decisions). Adopted at Minsk on 22 Jan uary 1993, 3 August 1994
• Moldova not planning to withdraw from CIS economic, social protection, healthcare agreements, interfax.com, 26 March 2025, English, 14 Jan 2025, Moldova's withdrawal from agreements with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) will not apply to economic affairs, social protection and healthcare, Moldovan Foreign Minister Mihai Popsoi said.
• Buckley, Neil, 25 November 2014, Georgia calls on west to condemn Abkhazia treaty with Russia, Financial Times, live, subscription, 9 May 2015, 10 December 2022
• Rettman, Andrew, 7 May 2015, Donbas: A new 'black hole' in Europe, dead, 18 May 2015, 9 May 2015
• 26 April 2015, Russia Erecting Monument to 'Little Green Men' Who Took Over Crimea, live, 28 April 2015, 9 May 2015, Moscow Times
• Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente, dead, 5 November 2014, 4 November 2014, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• Proiectul legii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente nr.40-XII din 08.04.1994, dead, 5 November 2014, 4 November 2014, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• 2 January 2018, Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente, live, 31 January 2018, 29 January 2018, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• 25 January 2018, Moldova Says It Would Leave CIS Only After Becoming EU Candidate, live, 29 January 2018, 29 January 2018, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
• Moldova looking into quitting CIS amid Russia-Ukraine war – foreign min, live, 14 June 2022, 18 June 2022, seenews.com, 14 June 2022
• 2021-08-02, Poll: Over 70% Moldovans favor EU membership, live, 4 August 2021, 2022-06-19, Kyiv Post
• Ministrul de Externe: Republica Moldova și-a SUSPENDAT participarea la reuniunile periodice ale CSI, 30 November 2022, live, 30 November 2022, 30 November 2022
• Молдова виходить із десятків договорів у рамках СНД, 2023-03-09, www.ukrinform.ua, 23 February 2023, uk
• Fetco, Verônica, R. Moldova a inițiat procedura de retragere din Adunarea Interparlamentară a CSI, anunță președintele Parlamentului, Ziarul de Gardă, 15 May 2023, ro, 15 May 2023
• Parliament Adopts in Final Reading Law on Moldova's Withdrawal from Cis Interparliamentary Assembly, 20 July 2023
• Moldovan Authorities Denounce Another Seven CIS Agreements, 22 November 2023
• Moldova, önümüzdeki yılın sonunda BDT'den ayrılacak, 21 December 2023
• Moldova Plans to Fully Withdraw from Moscow-led Bloc by 2024, 21 December 2023
• SONDAJ , , Procentul cetățenilor Republicii Moldova care doresc aderarea la UE este de aproape 60%. Crește numărul celor care vor ieșirea R. Moldova din CSI, Radio Chișinău, 29 May 2024, ro
• Sondaj: Majoritatea cetățenilor sunt pentru integrarea Moldovei în UE, Știri.md, 30 April 2025, ro
• Moldova proceeds with withdrawal from Russia-led CIS group, Alexander Tanas, Reuters, 19 January 2026, 24 January 2026
• Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS to take one year – Vestnik Kavkaza, live, 13 August 2018, 12 August 2018, vestnikkavkaza.net
• Free Trade Agreement Between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic, live, 30 March 2019, 21 July 2018
• Історія членства України в Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 9 July 2022, 2022-07-09, minjust.gov.ua, ru
• d'Anieri, Paul J., Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian-Russian Relations, July 1999, SUNY Press, 25 September 2014, 27 May 2023, live
• Ukraine withdraws all envoys from CIS bodies, Ponomarenko, Illia, Illia Ponomarenko, 19 May 2018, Kyiv Post, 20 May 2018, 20 May 2018
• Sussex, Matthew, Conflict in the Former USSR, 4 October 2012, Cambridge University Press, 25 September 2014, 24 January 2023, live
• Russia and Nis Mineral Industry Handbook, 7 February 2007, International Business Publications, USA, 25 September 2014
• 15 March 2014, Bill introduced to withdraw Ukraine from CIS, live, 27 March 2014, 27 March 2014, Kyiv Post
• Результати пошуку законопроектiв, зареєстрованих Верховною Радою України, live, 4 March 2016, 25 September 2014
• 27 May 2014, Draft documents on Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS submitted to Verkhovna Rada, dead, 14 July 2014, 21 June 2014, Information Telegraph Agency of Russia
• Проект Постанови про припинення членства та участі України в органах Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 11 December 2014, 30 November 2014, Verkhovna Rada
• Проект Закону про зупинення дії Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 29 April 2015, 26 December 2014, Verkhovna Rada
• Ukraine to officially quit CIS – Poroshenko, 12 April 2018, live, 13 April 2018, 12 April 2018, UNIAN
• Poroshenko signs decree on final termination of Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies, en, live, 19 May 2018, 24 January 2023
• 1 June 2018, CIS Executive Secretary hopes Ukraine will remain member nation of the CIS, dead, 21 July 2018, 21 July 2018
• 2 June 2018, Kyrgyz envoy: CIS to consider Ukraine's withdrawal as soon as Kyiv files official application, KyivPost, live, 9 November 2020, 21 July 2018, Interfax-Ukraine
• 11 October 2018, Executive Committee Chairman: CIS states interested in keeping Ukraine as member, live, 19 April 2019, 8 December 2018
• Ukraine's parliament withdraws from agreement on CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, 3 May 2023
• Ukraine continues to denounce CIS agreements, 13 December 2023
• Ukraine pulls out of CIS deal on cooperation between border troops chiefs, LB.ua, 2 January 2024
• Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body, Editorial, Team, 3 February 2006, PravdaReport
• dead, 16 April 2013, Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1995, 24 March 2013
• Legvold, Robert, Arbatov, Alexei, Kaiser, Karl, 2000, Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Eurasia in the 21st Century, Vol. I), Foreign Affairs, en, 79, 2, 62, 10.2307/20049696, 20049696, subscription
• Информация о Совете министров обороны государств – участников Содружества Независимых Государств, Cis.minsk.by, 23 July 2013, 23 September 2015, dead
• From Treaty to Organization, 5 August 2022, live, 12 January 2022
• The Collective Security Treaty Organization:A Brief Overview, 2010
• How to intervene symbolically: The CSTO in Kazakhstan, 27 June 2023
• Petro Jacyk Program – Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Toronto, 25 September 2014, 11 December 2013, dead
• Nazarbayev proposes CIS modernisation, meets EUAU counterparts in Sochi, Astana Calling, 14 October 2017, 14 October 2017, dead
• GDP per capita (current US$) | Data, data.worldbank.org, 27 August 2020, 10 August 2020, live
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 27 August 2023
• For Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia Free Trade with Europe and Russia is Possible
• Free Trade Agreement Between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, The Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan And The Kyrgyz Republic, 23 July 2013, dead, 16 May 2011
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств, Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone, Unified register of legal acts and other documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States
• Market Access Map
• Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли, 2023-10-04, economy.gov.by
• FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, KAZAKHSTAN, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, UKRAINE, UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств, cis.minsk.by, 6 September 2023
• Аналитический материал о Договоре о зоне свободной торговли (по состоянию на 31 октября 2011 г.) - Исполнительный комитет СНГ
• 28 December 2013, Uzbekistan Joins CIS Free-Trade Zone, 11 October 2021, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 October 2021, live
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств
• Соколова Т. В., Модернизация на постсоветском пространстве: социальный ракурс, журнал, Журнал Новой Экономической Ассоциации, М., 2011, 11, 157–160, 2221-2264, 2013-06-03
• 2020, Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country, live, 2013-03-05, 2022-03-19, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, en
• Bush, Sarah Sunn, Cottiero, Christina, Prather, Lauren, 2024, Zombies ahead: Explaining the rise of low-quality election monitoring, The Review of International Organizations, 20, 2, 261–291, en, 10.1007/s11558-024-09554-3, 1559-744X, free
• 19 May 2012, Election fraud: How to steal an election, The Economist, 3 March 2012, 14 May 2012, live
• dead, 10 July 2012, Foreign observers differ in their evaluation of the election in Uzbekistan, Enews.ferghana.ru, 23 July 2013
• CIS Observers Outraged by Deportation of Colleagues, azi.md, 27 December 2008, 27 September 2007, live
• Kupchinsky, Roman, CIS: Monitoring The Election Monitors, Rferl.org, 23 July 2013, 14 June 2008, live
• Виды спорта – I Фестиваль национальных видов спорта и игр государств – участников СНГ – Ульяновск 2017, sportuln.ru, 30 November 2017, 1 December 2017, dead
• IFESCCO, www.mfgs-sng.org, 29 May 2020, 27 June 2020, dead
• Valenza, Domenico, Russia's Cultural Diplomacy in the South Caucasus: Instruments, Assets and Challenges Ahead, Ayape.EU, 29 May 2020, 24 February 2021, dead
• Life expectancy at birth, total, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Life expectancy at birth, male, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Life expectancy at birth, female, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus plan on common economic space, Rbcnews.com, 23 July 2013, 1 April 2013, live
• Central Asian Cooperation Organisation, 23 July 2013, 23 February 2013, live
• Collective Security: A Timeline, Centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com, 23 July 2013, dead, 10 May 2011
• 4 Mar 1998, Abulfaz Elchibey, former President of Azerbaijan., 2014-02-03, 2017-10-04, Literaturnaya Gazeta in Russian, en
• 2009-12-17, СНГ приносит пользу и государствам, и простым людям, live, 2019-01-26, 2019-01-26, Известия
• Памятные монеты «Содружество Независимых Государств. 15 лет», live, 2017-06-08, 2017-06-03

Journals

• Commonwealth of Independent States – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, mfa.gov.by, 23 August 2017, 23 August 2017, dead
• GDP, 17 May 2025, IMF
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Staff writer, 2025, UIA Global Civil Society Database, uia.org, Union of International Associations, Yearbook of International Organizations Online, Brussels, Belgium, 21 February 2025
• Is Ukraine still in the CIS or not?, 2022-07-08, Радіо Свобода, 26 November 2020, uk, 17 August 2021, live, Лащенко, Олександр
• Ukraine Announces Plans To Quit CIS, Terminate Parts Of Russia Friendship Treaty, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 April 2018, 8 July 2022, 8 July 2022, live
• There is no "debt" of Ukraine to the CIS — the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, www.ukrinform.ua, 8 August 2019, 2022-07-08, uk, 10 July 2022, live
• How three men signed the USSR's death warrant, Dina, Newman, 24 December 2016, BBCNews, 7 December 2022, 7 December 2022, live
• Plokhy, Serhii, The Last Empire: The final days of the Soviet Union, Oneworld, London, 2014, 356–365
• Russian Federation, live, 26 February 2008, 7 July 2014, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996, live, 26 July 2013, 7 July 2014, Library of Congress
• Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts, live, 14 July 2014, 7 July 2014
• Information and Publish. Department, CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, live, 8 May 2013, 23 July 2013, Cisstat.com
• Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body, Pravda.Ru, 11 September 2001, 23 July 2013, 9 March 2014, live
• Pannier, Bruce, Russia Facing Resistance With Allies On CIS's Southern Flank, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 9 October 2009, Rferl.org, 23 July 2013, 9 May 2013, live
• Eastern Partnership – EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission, EEAS – European External Action Service, en, 2018-12-10
• Соглашение о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Протокол к Соглашению о создании Содружества Независимых Государств, подписанному 8 декабря 1991 года в г. Минске Республикой Беларусь, Российской Федерацией (РСФСР), Украиной, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Устав Содружества Независимых Государств, 2025-04-05, Commonwealth of Independent States
• Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States (with declaration and decisions). Adopted at Minsk on 22 Jan uary 1993, 3 August 1994
• Moldova not planning to withdraw from CIS economic, social protection, healthcare agreements, interfax.com, 26 March 2025, English, 14 Jan 2025, Moldova's withdrawal from agreements with the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) will not apply to economic affairs, social protection and healthcare, Moldovan Foreign Minister Mihai Popsoi said.
• Buckley, Neil, 25 November 2014, Georgia calls on west to condemn Abkhazia treaty with Russia, Financial Times, live, subscription, 9 May 2015, 10 December 2022
• Rettman, Andrew, 7 May 2015, Donbas: A new 'black hole' in Europe, dead, 18 May 2015, 9 May 2015
• 26 April 2015, Russia Erecting Monument to 'Little Green Men' Who Took Over Crimea, live, 28 April 2015, 9 May 2015, Moscow Times
• Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente, dead, 5 November 2014, 4 November 2014, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• Proiectul legii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente nr.40-XII din 08.04.1994, dead, 5 November 2014, 4 November 2014, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• 2 January 2018, Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente, live, 31 January 2018, 29 January 2018, Parliament of the Republic of Moldova
• 25 January 2018, Moldova Says It Would Leave CIS Only After Becoming EU Candidate, live, 29 January 2018, 29 January 2018, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
• Moldova looking into quitting CIS amid Russia-Ukraine war – foreign min, live, 14 June 2022, 18 June 2022, seenews.com, 14 June 2022
• 2021-08-02, Poll: Over 70% Moldovans favor EU membership, live, 4 August 2021, 2022-06-19, Kyiv Post
• Ministrul de Externe: Republica Moldova și-a SUSPENDAT participarea la reuniunile periodice ale CSI, 30 November 2022, live, 30 November 2022, 30 November 2022
• Молдова виходить із десятків договорів у рамках СНД, 2023-03-09, www.ukrinform.ua, 23 February 2023, uk
• Fetco, Verônica, R. Moldova a inițiat procedura de retragere din Adunarea Interparlamentară a CSI, anunță președintele Parlamentului, Ziarul de Gardă, 15 May 2023, ro, 15 May 2023
• Parliament Adopts in Final Reading Law on Moldova's Withdrawal from Cis Interparliamentary Assembly, 20 July 2023
• Moldovan Authorities Denounce Another Seven CIS Agreements, 22 November 2023
• Moldova, önümüzdeki yılın sonunda BDT'den ayrılacak, 21 December 2023
• Moldova Plans to Fully Withdraw from Moscow-led Bloc by 2024, 21 December 2023
• SONDAJ , , Procentul cetățenilor Republicii Moldova care doresc aderarea la UE este de aproape 60%. Crește numărul celor care vor ieșirea R. Moldova din CSI, Radio Chișinău, 29 May 2024, ro
• Sondaj: Majoritatea cetățenilor sunt pentru integrarea Moldovei în UE, Știri.md, 30 April 2025, ro
• Moldova proceeds with withdrawal from Russia-led CIS group, Alexander Tanas, Reuters, 19 January 2026, 24 January 2026
• Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS to take one year – Vestnik Kavkaza, live, 13 August 2018, 12 August 2018, vestnikkavkaza.net
• Free Trade Agreement Between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic, live, 30 March 2019, 21 July 2018
• Історія членства України в Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 9 July 2022, 2022-07-09, minjust.gov.ua, ru
• d'Anieri, Paul J., Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian-Russian Relations, July 1999, SUNY Press, 25 September 2014, 27 May 2023, live
• Ukraine withdraws all envoys from CIS bodies, Ponomarenko, Illia, Illia Ponomarenko, 19 May 2018, Kyiv Post, 20 May 2018, 20 May 2018
• Sussex, Matthew, Conflict in the Former USSR, 4 October 2012, Cambridge University Press, 25 September 2014, 24 January 2023, live
• Russia and Nis Mineral Industry Handbook, 7 February 2007, International Business Publications, USA, 25 September 2014
• 15 March 2014, Bill introduced to withdraw Ukraine from CIS, live, 27 March 2014, 27 March 2014, Kyiv Post
• Результати пошуку законопроектiв, зареєстрованих Верховною Радою України, live, 4 March 2016, 25 September 2014
• 27 May 2014, Draft documents on Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS submitted to Verkhovna Rada, dead, 14 July 2014, 21 June 2014, Information Telegraph Agency of Russia
• Проект Постанови про припинення членства та участі України в органах Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 11 December 2014, 30 November 2014, Verkhovna Rada
• Проект Закону про зупинення дії Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав, live, 29 April 2015, 26 December 2014, Verkhovna Rada
• Ukraine to officially quit CIS – Poroshenko, 12 April 2018, live, 13 April 2018, 12 April 2018, UNIAN
• Poroshenko signs decree on final termination of Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies, en, live, 19 May 2018, 24 January 2023
• 1 June 2018, CIS Executive Secretary hopes Ukraine will remain member nation of the CIS, dead, 21 July 2018, 21 July 2018
• 2 June 2018, Kyrgyz envoy: CIS to consider Ukraine's withdrawal as soon as Kyiv files official application, KyivPost, live, 9 November 2020, 21 July 2018, Interfax-Ukraine
• 11 October 2018, Executive Committee Chairman: CIS states interested in keeping Ukraine as member, live, 19 April 2019, 8 December 2018
• Ukraine's parliament withdraws from agreement on CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly, 3 May 2023
• Ukraine continues to denounce CIS agreements, 13 December 2023
• Ukraine pulls out of CIS deal on cooperation between border troops chiefs, LB.ua, 2 January 2024
• Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body, Editorial, Team, 3 February 2006, PravdaReport
• dead, 16 April 2013, Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1995, 24 March 2013
• Legvold, Robert, Arbatov, Alexei, Kaiser, Karl, 2000, Russia and the West: The 21st Century Security Environment (Eurasia in the 21st Century, Vol. I), Foreign Affairs, en, 79, 2, 62, 10.2307/20049696, 20049696, subscription
• Информация о Совете министров обороны государств – участников Содружества Независимых Государств, Cis.minsk.by, 23 July 2013, 23 September 2015, dead
• From Treaty to Organization, 5 August 2022, live, 12 January 2022
• The Collective Security Treaty Organization:A Brief Overview, 2010
• How to intervene symbolically: The CSTO in Kazakhstan, 27 June 2023
• Petro Jacyk Program – Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Toronto, 25 September 2014, 11 December 2013, dead
• Nazarbayev proposes CIS modernisation, meets EUAU counterparts in Sochi, Astana Calling, 14 October 2017, 14 October 2017, dead
• GDP per capita (current US$) | Data, data.worldbank.org, 27 August 2020, 10 August 2020, live
• Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 27 August 2023
• For Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia Free Trade with Europe and Russia is Possible
• Free Trade Agreement Between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, The Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan And The Kyrgyz Republic, 23 July 2013, dead, 16 May 2011
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств, Agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone, Unified register of legal acts and other documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States
• Market Access Map
• Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли, 2023-10-04, economy.gov.by
• FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, KAZAKHSTAN, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, UKRAINE, UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств, cis.minsk.by, 6 September 2023
• Аналитический материал о Договоре о зоне свободной торговли (по состоянию на 31 октября 2011 г.) - Исполнительный комитет СНГ
• 28 December 2013, Uzbekistan Joins CIS Free-Trade Zone, 11 October 2021, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 October 2021, live
• Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств
• Соколова Т. В., Модернизация на постсоветском пространстве: социальный ракурс, журнал, Журнал Новой Экономической Ассоциации, М., 2011, 11, 157–160, 2221-2264, 2013-06-03
• 2020, Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country, live, 2013-03-05, 2022-03-19, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, en
• Bush, Sarah Sunn, Cottiero, Christina, Prather, Lauren, 2024, Zombies ahead: Explaining the rise of low-quality election monitoring, The Review of International Organizations, 20, 2, 261–291, en, 10.1007/s11558-024-09554-3, 1559-744X, free
• 19 May 2012, Election fraud: How to steal an election, The Economist, 3 March 2012, 14 May 2012, live
• dead, 10 July 2012, Foreign observers differ in their evaluation of the election in Uzbekistan, Enews.ferghana.ru, 23 July 2013
• CIS Observers Outraged by Deportation of Colleagues, azi.md, 27 December 2008, 27 September 2007, live
• Kupchinsky, Roman, CIS: Monitoring The Election Monitors, Rferl.org, 23 July 2013, 14 June 2008, live
• Виды спорта – I Фестиваль национальных видов спорта и игр государств – участников СНГ – Ульяновск 2017, sportuln.ru, 30 November 2017, 1 December 2017, dead
• IFESCCO, www.mfgs-sng.org, 29 May 2020, 27 June 2020, dead
• Valenza, Domenico, Russia's Cultural Diplomacy in the South Caucasus: Instruments, Assets and Challenges Ahead, Ayape.EU, 29 May 2020, 24 February 2021, dead
• Life expectancy at birth, total, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Life expectancy at birth, male, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Life expectancy at birth, female, The World Bank Group, 29 June 2023, 6 July 2023
• Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus plan on common economic space, Rbcnews.com, 23 July 2013, 1 April 2013, live
• Central Asian Cooperation Organisation, 23 July 2013, 23 February 2013, live
• Collective Security: A Timeline, Centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com, 23 July 2013, dead, 10 May 2011
• 4 Mar 1998, Abulfaz Elchibey, former President of Azerbaijan., 2014-02-03, 2017-10-04, Literaturnaya Gazeta in Russian, en
• 2009-12-17, СНГ приносит пользу и государствам, и простым людям, live, 2019-01-26, 2019-01-26, Известия
• Памятные монеты «Содружество Независимых Государств. 15 лет», live, 2017-06-08, 2017-06-03

External links

• Charter of the CIS 20 July 2006, at webarchive.loc.gov
• Official CIS internet portal (in Russian)
• CIS Executive Committee (in Russian)
• Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS (in Russian)